Suspension and Retention Protective Packaging

Suspension and retention protective packaging are innovative packaging solutions designed to secure and protect items during transportation and storage, particularly those that are delicate, sensitive, or irregularly shaped.

Both suspension and retention packaging methods offer several advantages:

Protection: They provide superior protection against shocks, vibrations, and other potential damages during shipping.
Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of products with different sizes and shapes.
Customization: These packaging types can be tailored to fit specific product dimensions and protection needs.
Eco-Friendly Options: Many suspension and retention packaging materials are recyclable, aligning with sustainable practices.
Cost-Effectiveness: They often reduce the need for additional protective materials like bubble wrap or foam peanuts, making the packing process more efficient, while reducing material costs.

Additional versions available for packaging

Custom Films for Tailored Protection:

Suspension and retention packaging can be adapted to your products, with different versions, like:

NORMAfilm: the standard film, with different thicknesses.
MAXfilm: for heavy or very flat products, with very high surface weight.
ECONfilm: the cost effective film, for light and flat products.
ESDfilm: the antistatic version.
VCIfilm: the corrosion protection film.

Title	Description
VCIfilm	For products that require corrosion protection.	View product
ESDfilm	For products that can be damaged by short-circuits, due to electrostatic discharge, this type of film eliminates fast the electric current.	View product
ECONfilm	For light and flat products, this is the economy type of film.	View product
MAXfilm	The special designed film type for heavy and flat products, with very high surface weight.	View product
NORMAfilm	The all purpose film, which covers everything, made from polyurethane film, with different thicknesses.	View product

Fill with Air Packaging System

This innovative packaging system, filled with air for maximum protection, includes a cushion air unit and a box unit.

Advantages:

Highest shock-proof protection;
Easy and quick handling;
Low packaging diversity, made to pack multiple types of products and low storage volume because it is stored without air;
Environmental friendly, biodegradable on request and low volume if waste.

Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Application
LMFL150702	150 x 70 x 20	i.e. Smartphones	View product
LMFL271206	270 x 120 x 60	i.e. Circuit Boards, Small Appliances	View product
LMFL271802	270 x 180 x 20	Circuit boards, i.e. Notebooks 10 Inch	View product
LMFL291507	290 x 150 x 70	i.e. Circuit Boards, Small Measurement/Control Units	View product
LMFL311209	310 x 120 x 90	Control Units, i.e. small Measurement	View product
LMFL392804	390 x 280 x 40	Circuit boards, i.e. Notebooks 15 Inch	View product
LMFL402512	400 x 250 x 120	i.e. Measurement and Control Units	View product
LMFL453105	450 x 310 x 50	i.e. Notebooks 18 Inch	View product

Reusable Plastic Suspension Packaging

Our high-quality plastic suspension packaging made from high quality plastic that has a crystal clear look. It offers clear, shock-proof, and reusable solutions for precision engineering, dental technology, and microelectronics.

Advantages:

Shock-proof;
Perfect wraparound and dust-free protection for the most sensitive products;
Allows visual quality-check of the product, as the packaging is clear;
Stackable and reusable;
Quick close with clip technology.

Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Overall dimensions (mm)
LMFL020201P	20 x 20 x 10	38 x 38 x 18 mm	View product
LMFL070702P	N.A.	100 x 100 x 50 mm	View product
LMFL060603P	60 x 60 x 30	100 x 100 x 74 mm	View product
LMFL070201P	70 x 20 x 10	100 x 50 x 25 mm	View product
LMFL070501P	70 x 50 x 10	100 x 75 x 25 mm	View product
LMFL090902P	90 x 90 x 20	125 x 125 x 50 mm	View product
LMFL101001P	100 x 100 x 10	125 x 125 x 28 mm	View product
LMFL110603P	110 x 60 x 30	150 x 100 x 75 mm	View product
LMFL121202P	120 x 120 x 20	150 x 150 x 50 mm	View product
LMFL141402P	140 x 140 x 20	175 x 175 x 50 mm	View product
LMFL161104P	160 x 110 x 40	200 x 150 x 100 mm	View product
LMFL171202P	170 x 120 x 20	200 x 150 x 50 mm	View product
LMFL171702P	170 x 170 x 20	200 x 200 x 50 mm	View product
LMFL181105P	180 x 110 x 50	220 x 150 x 100 mm	View product
LMFL211605P	210 x 160 x 50	250 x 200 x 100 mm	View product
LMFL261103P	260 x 110 x 30	300 x 150 x 75 mm	View product

Single Retention Packaging

Ideal for flat and light products, this packaging provides high protection with a low-cost, standard design.

Advantages:

Quick one-piece solution, the transport box is attached;
Can be equipped with a hollow bottom or extra side pocket for accessories;
High protection for products;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs;
Low packaging diversity, made to pack multiple types of products;
Adapting to the most unusual product contours;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper;
Professional image.

Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Maximum product weight (gr/kg)	Application	Can be delivered immediately
LMFL070502Q	70 x 50 x 20	up to 400 gr	Printed circuit boards, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL070505Q	70 x 50 x 50	up to 800 gr	Printed circuit boards, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL080503Q	80 x 50 x 30	up to 800 gr	Printed circuit boards, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL100906Q	100 x 90 x 60	up to 1 kg	Controllers, Displays, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL120904Q	120 x 90 x 40	up to 1 kg	Controllers, Displays, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL121002Q	120 x 100 x 20	up to 1 kg	Printed circuit boards, Relay	Yes	View product
LMFL121106Q	120 x 110 x 60	up to 1 kg	Controllers, Displays, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL140903Q	140 x 90 x 30	up to 1 kg	Controllers, Displays, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL140905Q	140 x 90 x 50	up to 1 kg	Controllers, Displays, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL150702Q	150 x 70 x 20	up to 750 gr	Printed circuit boards, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL151305Q	150 x 130 x 50	up to 1000 gr	Controllers, Displays, Instruments, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL160801Q	160 x 80 x 10	up to 750 g	Circuit boards, Hard drives, Small devices, Smartphones	Yes	View product
LMFL160801Q	160 x 80 x 10	up to 750 g	Circuit boards, Smartphones	Yes	View product
LMFL181105Q	180 x 110 x 50	up to 2000 gr	Disk drives, Displays, Hard disk drives, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL181206Q	180 x 120 x 60	up to 2000 gr	Displays, Instruments, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL181804Q	180 x 180 x 40	up to 2000 gr	Controllers, Displays, Instruments, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL191203Q	190 x 120 x 30	up to 1000 gr	Hard disk drives, Printed circuit boards, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL201202Q	200 x 120 x 20	up to 1500 gr	Hard disk drives, Printed circuit boards, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL201603Q	200 x 160 x 30	up to 1500 gr	Hard disk drives, Printed circuit boards, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL241607Q	240 x 160 x 70	up to 2000 gr	Displays, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL241801Q	240 x 180 x 10	up to 1500 gr	Printed circuit boards, Tablet-PCs	Yes	View product
LMFL241801Q	240 x 180 x 10	up to 1500 gr	Printed circuit boards, Tablet-PCs	Yes	View product
LMFL251805Q	250 x 180 x 50	up to 2000 gr	Displays, Instruments, Printed circuit boards, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL281805Q	280 x 180 x 50	up to 1500 gr	Controllers, Displays, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL402503Q	400 x 250 x 30	up to 2000 gr	Displays, Instruments, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL120704CL	120 x 70 x 40	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	View product
LMFL201407CL	200 x 140 x 70	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	View product
LMFL281909CL	280 x 190 x 90	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	View product
LMFL393211CL	390 x 320 x 110	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	View product

For PCB (printed circuit boards) duo retention packaging

Duo Retention Packaging for PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards)

Duo retention packaging with optional ESD protected corrugated board. Optional packaging with ESD protection is available . It has one stretch film insert unit and one box unit.

Advantages:

Secure transport, overvoltage protection;
Antistatic stretch film;
Quickly set up packaging;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper;
Professional image.

Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Maximum product weight (gr/kg)	Application
LMFL161002	160 x 100 x 20	up to 500 g	Printed circuit boards	View product
LMFL292606	290 x 260 x 60	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Instruments, Printed circuit boards	View product
LMFL403005	400 x 300 x 50	up to 4500 gr	15.4“ and 17“ laptops, Printed circuit boards	View product
LMFL512305	510 x 230 x 50	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Panels, Printed circuit boards	View product
LMFL513005	510 x 300 x 50	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Instruments, Panels, Printed circuit boards	View product

For LCD screens or Plasma suspension packaging

Suspension Packaging for LCD Screens or Plasma

This suspension packaging is designed for consumer electronics. It ensures stress-free protection for sensitive screens.

It contains 1 angular stretch film unit and 1 reinforcement unit.

Due to the 4 corners with angular cushion and reinforcement, no stress is applied to the sensitive front of the screen.

Advantages:

High level protection for flat screens up to 50 kg of weight;
Quickly set up packaging;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs or expensive foams;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper;
Professional image.

	Reference	Maximum product surface (mm)	Maximum product depth (mm)	Maximum product weight (gr/kg)	Application
	LMFL10208120	1020 x 80	N.A.	up to 50 kg	LCD and Plasma screens from 32“ to 42“ with / without stand	View product
	LMFL2812180	N.A.	80 mm	up to 50 kg	LCD and Plasma screens from 32“ to 52“ with / without stand	View product

For LCD or TFT monitors retention or suspension packaging

Suspension Packaging for Monitors (LCD or TFT)

This retention packaging is available in two versions. It offers high-level protection and additional storage for accessories.

It is designed for various monitors, like LCD or TFT.

2 versions available:

1 cardboard insert/cushion, 1 stretch film insert and 1 box unit;
2 stretch films inserts units and 1 box unit.

Advantages:

High level protection for multiple monitor types;
Hollow bottom for accessories storage;
Quickly set-up packaging;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper;
Professional image.

	Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Maximum product weight (gr/kg)	Application
	LMFL4646150	460 x 460	up to 10 kg	17“ to 19“ TFT monitors	View product
	LMFL171922TFT	460 x 460 x 180	up to 10 kg	17“ to 22“ TFT monitors	View product

Duo Retention Packaging for Laptops

Duo retention packaging designed for various laptop models. It contains a stretch film insert unit and one box unit.

Advantages:

High-level protection for many laptop versions, even when dropped;
Additional compartment for accessories;
Quickly set up packaging;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper;
Professional image.

Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Maximum product weight (gr/kg)	Application	Can be delivered immediately
LMFL312104	310 x 210 x 40	up to 2500 gr	Laptops and netbooks 13“	Yes	View product
LMFL312204	310 x 220 x 40	up to 2500 gr	10“ to 12“ netbooks	Yes	View product
LMFL342505	340 x 250 x 50	up to 3500 gr	15“ laptops	Yes	View product
LMFL362604	360 x 260 x 40	up to 3500 gr	15“ laptops	Yes	View product
LMFL403005	400 x 300 x 50	up to 4500 gr	15.4“ and 17“ laptops	Yes	View product
LMFL473005	470 x 300 x 50	up to 4500 gr	17” laptops	Yes	View product

2-in-1 Suspension and Single Retention Packaging

A versatile solution that combines suspended and retained products in a single unit.

Advantages:

Suspended transport packaging with only one inner component needed;
Optional transport box available, if required;
High level protection against vibrations and shock for packed product;
Quickly set up packaging;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs or expensive cushion systems;
Low packaging diversity, made to pack multiple types of products;
Adapting to the most unusual product contours;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper;
Professional image.

Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Can be delivered immediately
LMFL161307	160 x 130 x 70	Yes	View product
LMFL302010TT	160 x 130 x 70	Yes	View product
LMFL352407	350 x 240 x 70	Yes	View product
LMFL352417	350 x 240 x 170	Yes	View product
LMFL533216	530 x 320 x 160	Yes	View product
LMFL533226	530 x 320 x 260	Yes	View product

Suspension Packaging for Heavier Products

Designed for items up to 35 kg, this packaging suspends products between two stretching films for optimal protection. This system contains two stretch films inserts units and one box unit.

Advantages:

High level protection against vibrations and shock for packed product;
Quickly set up packaging;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs;
Low packaging diversity, made to pack multiple types of products;
Adapting to the most unusual product contours;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper;
Professional image.

Reference	Maximum product surface (mm)	Maximum product weight (gr/kg)	Application	Can be delivered immediately
LMFL120750	120 x 70	up to 3 kg	Displays, Sensors, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL131340	130 x 130	up to 1 kg	Displays, Instruments, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL161003	160 x 100 x 30	up to 1 kg	Printed circuit boards, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL171770	170 x 170	up to 3 kg	Displays, Mechatronics, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL191560	190 x 150	up to 3 kg	Displays, Mechatronics, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL201050	200 x 100	up to 1.5 kg	Displays, Mechatronics, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL201140	200 x 110	up to 1.5 kg	Displays, Mechatronics, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL241560	240 x 150	up to 2 kg	Disk drives, Displays, Mechatronics, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL251880	250 x 180	up to 4 kg	GPS units, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL252560	250 x 250	up to 5 kg	Displays, Mechatronics, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL281880	280 x 180	up to 6 kg	Mechatronics, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL282380	280 x 230	up to 8 kg	Displays, Mechatronics, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL292790	290 x 270	up to 10 kg	Devices, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL300760	300 x 70 x 60	up to 2 kg	Wine bottle	Yes	View product
LMFL302060	300 x 200	up to 6 kg	Mechatronics, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL302080	300 x 200	up to 10 kg	Hard disk drives, Mechatronics, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL303070	300 x 300	up to 7 kg	Mechatronics, Panels, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL3433100	340 x 330	up to 15 kg	Devices, Mechatronics	Yes	View product
LMFL4030100	400 x 300	up to 15 kg	Devices, Mechatronics	Yes	View product
LMFL454490	450 x 440	up to 12 kg	Devices, Mechatronics, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL4544180	450 x 440	up to 30 kg	17“ CRT monitors, Instruments, Mechatronics	Yes	View product
LMFL4646150	460 x 460	up to 20 kg	Displays up to 19”, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL5030120	500 x 300	up to 20 kg	19” devices, Control panels, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL5040160	500 x 400	up to 25 kg	19” devices, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL5050160	500 x 500	up to 30 kg	19” to 21“ CRT monitors, Instruments, Mechatronics	Yes	View product

Duo Retention Packaging

This medium-protection packaging is suitable for products up to 4 kg, that require a medium level of protection.

Advantages:

High protection;
Low cost, standard packaging with no tooling costs;
Low packaging diversity, made to pack multiple types of products, with the most unusual contours;
Fast and quick handling, no box gluing or tapes needed, professional image;
Environmental friendly, dispose of with waste paper.

Reference	Maximum product size (mm)	Maximum product weight (gr/kg)	Application	Can be delivered immediately
LMFL101004	100 x 100 x 40	up to 500 g	Miniature devices, Rotary encoder, Sensors, Switches	Yes	View product
LMFL120804	120 x 80 x 40	up to 500 g	Miniature devices	Yes	View product
LMFL120905	120 x 90 x 50	up to 800 gr	Displays, Miniature devices, Rotary encoder, Sensors	Yes	View product
LMFL140804	140 x 80 x 40	up to 500 g	Displays, Mobile phones, Switches	Yes	View product
LMFL141004	140 x 100 x 40	up to 1000 gr	Displays, Miniature devices, Sensors, Switches	Yes	View product
LMFL151504	150 x 150 x 40	up to 1500 gr	Displays, Instruments, Miniature devices	Yes	View product
LMFL151506	150 x 150 x 60	up to 1500 gr	Displays, Instruments, Miniature devices, Porcelain	Yes	View product
LMFL161002	160 x 100 x 20	up to 500 g	Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL161204	160 x 120 x 30	up to 500 g	Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL161205	160 x 120 x 50	up to 500 g	Hard disk drives, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL161210	160 x 120 x 100	up to 1500 gr	Controller, Displays, Glass products, Mechatronics	Yes	View product
LMFL180906	180 x 90 x 60	up to 800 gr	Mechatronics, Miniature devices, Mobile phones	Yes	View product
LMFL181004	180 x 100 x 40	up to 1000 gr	Displays, Hard disk drives, Mechatronics, Miniature devices	Yes	View product
LMFL181006	180 x 100 x 60	up to 1000 gr	Controllers, Displays, Mechatronics, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL191606	190 x 160 x 60	up to 1000 gr	Controllers, Displays, Mechatronics, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL202006	200 x 200 x 60	up to 1500 gr	Controllers, Displays, Instruments, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL202008	200 x 200 x 80	up to 1500 gr	Controllers, Displays, Instruments, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL221506	220 x 150 x 60	up to 1500 gr	CD/DVD drives, Controllers, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL221508	220 x 150 x 80	up to 1500 gr	CD/DVD drives, Controllers, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL231502	230 x 150 x 20	up to 1000 gr	Printed circuit boards, Tablets	Yes	View product
LMFL231806	230 x 180 x 60	up to 1500 gr	CD/DVD drives, Controllers, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL241004	240 x 100 x 40	up to 1500 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL252506	250 x 250 x 60	up to 2000 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL252508	250 x 250 x 80	up to 2000 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL281607	280 x 160 x 70	up to 2000 gr	1 DIN car audio units, Controllers, Small devices	Yes	View product
LMFL281812	280 x 180 x 120	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Double DIN GPS units, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL292606	290 x 260 x 60	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Instruments, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL300905	300 x 90 x 50	up to 800 gr	Batteries, Endoscopes	Yes	View product
LMFL302007	300 x 200 x 70	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL302010	300 x 200 x 100	N.A.	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL302214	300 x 220 x 140	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL303008	300 x 300 x 80	up to 3000 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments, Laptops	Yes	View product
LMFL312104	310 x 210 x 40	up to 2500 gr	10“ to 13“ netbooks	Yes	View product
LMFL312204	310 x 220 x 40	up to 3000 gr	10“ to 12“ netbooks, Control panels, Instruments, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL342012	340 x 200 x 120	up to 2000 gr	Airbags, Control panels, Controllers, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL342505	340 x 250 x 50	up to 3500 gr	15“ laptops, Control panels, Controllers, Instruments, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL352008	350 x 200 x 80	up to 2000 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL352504	350 x 250 x 40	up to 2000 gr	Flat panels, Technical glass products, TFT displays	Yes	View product
LMFL362410	360 x 240 x 100	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL362604	360 x 260 x 40	up to 3500 gr	15“ laptops, Controllers, Instruments, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL382508	380 x 250 x 80	up to 3000 gr	Controllers, Instruments, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL402010	400 x 200 x 100	up to 3000 gr	Control panels, Controllers, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL402510	400 x 250 x 100	up to 3500 gr	DVD recorders, Instruments, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL403005	400 x 300 x 50	up to 4500 gr	17” laptops, Controllers, Flat panels, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL403006	400 x 300 x 60	up to 2500 gr	Controllers, Flat panels, Instruments	Yes	View product
LMFL403211	400 x 320 x 110	up to 5 kg	17” laptops, DVD players, Instruments, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL473005	470 x 300 x 50	up to 4500 gr	17” laptops, DVD players, Instruments, Panels	Yes	View product
LMFL503215	500 x 320 x 150	up to 5 kg	Control panels, Instruments, Panels, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL504010	500 x 400 x 100	up to 5 kg	Control panels, Instruments, Panels, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product
LMFL512305	510 x 230 x 50	up to 2500 gr	Control panels, Instruments, Panels, Printed circuit boards	Yes	View product

Suspension and retention protective packaging revolutionize product shipping and handling. These methods offer unmatched protection for delicate, valuable, and uniquely shaped items. Suspension packaging, with its air-cushion design, shields against impacts and vibrations during transit, while retention packaging secures items in place, accommodating various shapes and sizes. These solutions prioritize environmental sustainability and cost efficiency, reducing the need for extra protective materials and promoting recycling. Their versatility and simplicity also enhance operational efficiency and cost savings, making them the future of eco-friendly and cost-effective packaging.

These packaging methods are distinct in their approach to safeguarding products:

Suspension Packaging:

- How It Works: Suspension packaging typically involves securing the item between two elastic films within a box. The product is suspended away from the box’s sides, creating a protective ‘air cushion’ around it.
- Ideal For: This type of packaging is excellent for fragile items like electronics (LCD screens, laptops), or items that need to be protected from impact and vibration.
- Characteristics: The packaging is typically made from durable materials that can stretch and adapt to the shape of the item, ensuring it stays securely in place. This method minimizes direct contact with the box, significantly reducing the risk of damage from drops or impacts.

Retention Packaging:

- How It Works: Retention packaging secures the product onto a strong, supportive backing material, usually a rigid board, with a flexible film over the top. The film firmly holds the item in place against the backing.
- Ideal For: It’s particularly useful for flat, light products like printed circuit boards or items that require medium-level protection but might have unconventional shapes.
- Characteristics: This type of packaging provides excellent visibility of the product, which can be advantageous for quick inspections. It’s also typically easy to pack and unpack, making it convenient for both the sender and the recipient.